June 2021 Newsletter

[vc_row][vc_column][vc_single_image image=”949″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][vc_custom_heading text=”“A Piece of My Mind”” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:50px|text_align:center|color:%232633ef” google_fonts=”font_family:Bitter%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700|font_style:700%20bold%20regular%3A700%3Anormal”][vc_custom_heading text=”June 2021 Newsletter” font_container=”tag:h1|font_size:30px|text_align:center|color:%232633ef” google_fonts=”font_family:Bitter%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700″][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column width=”2/3″][vc_column_text]

Advancing Christian Faith and Values,
Defending Religious Liberty for All,
Supporting Civility and the Common Good
through Preaching, Teaching, Writing, Activism and Reasoned Conversations

www.donaldshoemakerministries.com[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][vc_column width=”1/3″][vc_single_image image=”1304″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1598373738095{border-radius: 3px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]

The Healing Power of Touch

Jesus reached out his hand and touched the man. “I am willing,” he said. “Be clean!” And immediately the leprosy left him. – Luke 5:13

Touch is more than one of the five senses. When welcomed, it is a vital part of human interaction. Unwelcomed, it is an intrusion or worse.

During the present pandemic many have died in clinical situations without human touch. But a LA-USC physician recently confronted this clinical coldness and said holding the hand of a Covid patient is “one medicine that supersedes all science and all education and anything we could do.”

Science is important and necessary, but it isn’t a be-all and know-all.

[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1598373738095{border-radius: 3px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_custom_heading text=”What is “Black Lives Matter”?” font_container=”tag:h2|text_align:center” google_fonts=”font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal”][vc_custom_heading text=”By Donald P. Shoemaker” font_container=”tag:h6|text_align:center” google_fonts=”font_family:Arimo%3Aregular%2Citalic%2C700%2C700italic|font_style:400%20regular%3A400%3Anormal”][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_single_image image=”1630″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_single_image image=”1631″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_single_image image=”1632″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/4″][vc_single_image image=”1633″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner][vc_column_text]Sadie Payne, 32, was gunned down as she waited at a bus stop in Columbus, Ohio in the early morning of April 8. She was the 54th homicide in Columbus so far in 2021.

Sadie’s Life Mattered.

Davell Gardner, 22 months old, was shot and killed in Brooklyn in the summer of 2020.

Davell’s Life Mattered.

Horace Lorenzo Anderson, 19, died June 20, 2020 after being shot inside Seattle’s “summer of love” Autonomous Zone. City government had no plans in place for providing emergency services to this “surrendered” area.

Horace’s Life Mattered.

Le’Shonte Jones, 24, was gunned down and her 3-year-old daughter wounded May 3 in Miami-Dade County FL as she came home from her TSA shift.

Le’Shonte’s Life Mattered. Her Daughter’s Life Matters.

8600 blacks died from gunfire in the U.S. in 2020.

All These Lives Mattered.

The Blacks who were killed or injured in the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre of 1921— All Their Lives Mattered.

The Tulsa Race Massacre occurred exactly 100 years ago this weekend—May 31-June 1, 1921. Many Americans have never heard about it—I didn’t, and American History was part of my college major.

“Black Wall Street” – Greenwood was a prominent and prosperous center for black businesses in the early 20th Century.

Following a jailhouse incident that left 10 Whites and 2 Blacks dead, a rampaging mob went through Greenwood shooting and burning and looting. I’ve seen a wide range of death statistics—perhaps between 75 and 300 blacks were killed but the information varies. Many more were wounded and 10,000 left homeless. Thirty-five blocks of the community were destroyed. Pictures remind me of the aftermath of an EF5 tornado. The Oklahoma National Guard ended the carnage on June 1.

107-year-old Viola Fletcher, the oldest living survivor of the massacre testified at a recent congressional hearing on “The Centennial of the Tulsa-Greenwood Race Massacre.”

“I will never forget the violence of the white mob when we left our house… I still see Black men being shot, Black bodies lying in the street. I still smell smoke and see fire. I still see Black businesses being burned… I hear the screams. I have lived through the massacre every day.”

If this event is not now in our history books, it certainly needs to be there.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_row_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_single_image image=”1635″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=”1/2″][vc_single_image image=”1636″ img_size=”full” alignment=”center”][/vc_column_inner][/vc_row_inner][vc_column_text]Introduction: In response to some inquiries and to satisfy my own need for information and desire for accuracy, I looked extensively in 2020 and again in recent weeks into “What Is ‘Black Lives Matter’?” My present conclusion is that it is best to see the phrase “Black Lives Matter” (BLM) as having three primary usages. My goal here is to illuminate rather than critique.

1. “Black Lives Matter” [BLM] is first of all an organization with a sweeping agenda.

From the BLM Website: www.blacklivesmatter.com

“About”

#BlackLivesMatter was founded in 2013 in response to the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s murderer. Black Lives Matter Global Network Foundation, Inc. is a global organization in the US, UK, and Canada, whose mission is to eradicate white supremacy and build local power to intervene in violence inflicted on Black communities by the state and vigilantes. By combating and countering acts of violence, creating space for Black imagination and innovation, and centering Black joy, we are winning immediate improvements in our lives. [BOLD mine]

We are expansive. We are a collective of liberators who believe in an inclusive and spacious movement. We also believe that in order to win and bring as many people with us along the way, we must move beyond the narrow nationalism all too prevalent in Black communities. We must ensure we are building a movement that brings all of us to the front.

We affirm the lives of Black queer and trans folks, disabled folks, undocumented folks, folks with records, women, and all Black lives along the gender spectrum. Our network centers those who have been marginalized within Black liberation movements.

We are working for a world where Black lives are no longer systematically targeted for demise.

We affirm our humanity, our contributions to this society, and our resilience in the face of deadly oppression.

The call for Black lives to matter is a rallying cry for ALL Black lives striving for liberation.

“What We Believe” [NOTE: I obtained this page from the BLM Website in 2020. It has now been deleted. Deletion of these points doesn’t necessarily mean repeal.]

• Every day, we recommit to healing ourselves and each other, and to co-creating alongside comrades, allies, and family a culture where each person feels seen, heard, and supported.
• We acknowledge, respect, and celebrate differences and commonalities.
• We work vigorously for freedom and justice for Black people and, by extension, all people.
• We intentionally build and nurture a beloved community that is bonded together through a beautiful struggle that is restorative, not depleting.
• We are unapologetically Black in our positioning. In affirming that Black Lives Matter, we need not qualify our position. To love and desire freedom and justice for ourselves is a prerequisite for wanting the same for others.
• We see ourselves as part of the global Black family, and we are aware of the different ways we are impacted or privileged as Black people who exist in different parts of the world.
• We are guided by the fact that all Black lives matter, regardless of actual or perceived sexual identity, gender identity, gender expression, economic status, ability, disability, religious beliefs or disbeliefs, immigration status, or location.
• We make space for transgender brothers and sisters to participate and lead.
• We are self-reflexive and do the work required to dismantle cisgender privilege and uplift Black trans folk, especially Black trans women who continue to be disproportionately impacted by trans-antagonistic violence.
• We build a space that affirms Black women and is free from sexism, misogyny, and environments in which men are centered.
• We practice empathy. We engage comrades with the intent to learn about and connect with their contexts.
• We make our spaces family-friendly and enable parents to fully participate with their children. We dismantle the patriarchal practice that requires mothers to work “double shifts” so that they can mother in private even as they participate in public justice work.
• We disrupt the Western-prescribed nuclear family structure requirement by supporting each other as extended families and “villages” that collectively care for one another, especially our children, to the degree that mothers, parents, and children are comfortable.
• We foster a queer‐affirming network. When we gather, we do so with the intention of freeing ourselves from the tight grip of heteronormative thinking, or rather, the belief that all in the world are heterosexual (unless s/he or they disclose otherwise).
• We cultivate an inter-generational and communal network free from ageism. We believe that all people, regardless of age, show up with the capacity to lead and learn.
• We embody and practice justice, liberation, and peace in our engagements with one another.

To these points can be added this important statement: Law enforcement cannot be reformed. Law enforcement as we know it, therefore, must be dismantled and replaced. Attempts at reform will not work.

The BLM organization has leaders who may be speaking for themselves and not for the organization (in which case, they and the organization should make that clear).” Some leaders have expressed Marxist claims, anti-capitalist statements, and possible calls to violence. Patrisse Cullor, a BLM co-founder, has been criticized for purchasing homes in Los Angeles county. As I’ve reviewed details, it’s hard for me to see that any home under $600,000 could be considered a luxury. Even the home in tony Malibu that sets up Topanga Canyon Road would be modest and rustic by most standards. We leave these matters to #BLM to judge unless illegal activity can be shown.

2. Secondly, the “BLM” title is used to express concern about violence against blacks by law enforcement.

One opinion writer insists this is ALL the phrase means, nothing more. Unjust violence, including killings, under color of authority is a serious issue and deserves separate and distinct consideration. Not only is such violence unjust in itself, it also marks law enforcement in a way contrary to its essence and how it wants to be perceived.

Statistics are tricky, but here is some information I found: Statista Research Department reports 241 deaths of blacks at the hand of law enforcement in 2020, and 62 in the first four months of 2021 out of a total of 292 civilians shot and killed by law enforcement. These statistics are slightly more than half of the number of whites killed, which is statistically significant but in itself says little more than that. The rate of blacks killed by law enforcement is higher than that of any other ethnic group. These stats don’t go into the reasons (justifications) for the use of lethal force.

As important as it is to examine the death of blacks at the hands of law enforcement, this reality must be compared to the much larger issue of how many black deaths are due to homicide. In 2020, 8600 black lives were lost to homicide. In 2018 there were 7407 black homicide victims (6237 male) in the United States.

The 2016 homicide rate among black victims in the United States was 20.44 per 100,000. For that year, the overall national homicide rate was 5.1 per 100,000. The homicide rate for black male victims was 37.12 per 100,000. In comparison, the overall rate for male homicide victims was 8.29 per 100,000.

(Sources: Statista, September 30, 2019 and May 3, 2021; Colorlines, May 30, 2019;
New York Post, February 6, 2021)

3. Third and finally, the phrase “Black Lives Matter” has just about become generic for those expressing any concern about wrongful treatment of blacks.

Summary and Concluding Thoughts:

The phrase “Black Lives Matter” can refer to:
(1) A leftist organization by that name, or
(2) Widespread movements expressing concern over perceived mistreatment and violence by law enforcement against blacks, or
(3) Generically, a variety of activist concerns pertaining to black lives.

When is it timely to drop a phrase in favor of a new one because the old phrase has something associated with it you don’t support, or because the phrase has become so generic as to dilute meaning? I don’t know. I do know this is sometimes necessary in Christian ministry circles, when terms change meaning or gain unwanted associations.

Why don’t we adopt the phrase “All Black Lives Matter”? This would encompass inappropriate use of force by law enforcement and much more. While anecdotal cases focus on actions by law enforcement, statistics support this broader concern. The ratio of black deaths by law enforcement compared to all black deaths due to homicide stands around 1:34. This is horribly significant!

For daily information on this and related issues, I recommend: www.Feedspot.com[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1598373738095{border-radius: 3px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]

Message of the Month –
“ ‘The Image of God’ We Are!”

As a child I often sang with other children in Lutheran Sunday School:

Jesus loves the little children,
All the children of the world.
Red and yellow, black and white,
they are precious in his sight.
Jesus loves the little children of the world.

Truly, “From the lips of children [God has] established strength” (Psalm 8:2).

In 1976 I was a brand new member of the Biblical Studies faculty at Biola University. I was soon asked to give a short presentation to the faculty on the Bible’s teaching about humanity. I carefully prepared a 10-minute talk.

Another professor would present what “science” says. He got up first and said, “According to science, man is an animal.” And he sat down.

I should have, but didn’t, stood and said, “According to theology, man is made in the image of God.” And sat down, at least for the moment. For in those few words you learn the most important truth there is to know about who we are.

So God created man in his own image,
in the image of God he created him;
male and female he created them.
– Genesis 1:26 (New English Version)

Theories abound on what this “image” is. Original righteousness? Reason? Love and communication? Spirituality and morality? Self-understanding and sense of the past and future? Relationship with one another (as God is an “us” [verse 25] he made man as male and female to interrelate accordingly).

All interesting; none definitive. Best to simply say human beings are the offspring of God (Acts 17:29) and bear a special resemblance to him. Humans thus have special duties and immeasurable worth and must be so regarded.

The “image of God” prevents us from stratifying humanity according to some arbitrary criterion of worthiness. Not just kings and philosophers, not just males but also females, not just the free but also the enslaved, not just the enfranchised but also those outside looking in—all bear God’s image.

The Holocaust of World War II was made possible because Third Reich leadership, unchecked by an acquiescent church, changed the understanding of what gives man his worth. Steeped in Reformation heritage, the state should have understood that each person possesses a dignity given from above—a dignity unrelated to achievement or potential or desirability. Instead, the Third Reich weighed humans in terms of their usefulness to the state, their place on the hierarchy of human worth (Aryans at the top; Jews at the bottom), their being an asset rather than a liability to the state machine.

“Image of God” teaching declares a resounding “Nein!” to all this! The disabled and dependent, the unborn and newborn, the aged and terminally ill, the genius and moron, the insider and the outsider—all, regardless of race or social status or human condition, are valued by God.

This doctrine leads to important practical matters:

(1) Human life is precious and must never be wrongly taken. “You shall not kill [murder]” – Exodus 20:13, see Genesis 9:6.
(2) Human dignity can be assaulted by how we treat people. Jesus saw the commandment against murder as applicable to our words and actions that fall short of actual killing. He taught us to avoid unjust anger and malicious labeling. He called us to extend forgiveness and avoid adversarial conflict – Matthew 5:21-26, see Romans 12:14-21.
(3) How our speech assaults the image is a special theme in the Epistle of James (3:3-12) – “With the tongue we praise our Lord and Father, and with it we curse men, who have been made in God’s likeness … My brothers, this should not be” (verses 9-10).

Sometimes it’s really hard to acknowledge God’s Image in others. But those times are when this doctrine’s “rubber meets the road.” Jesus calls us to be like his Father in heaven, who “causes his sun to rise on the evil and the good and sends his rain on the righteous and the unrighteous.” We too must extend love and shalom not just to those whom we like and who benefit us but to the unlikeable who bring nothing good in return (Matthew 5:43-48).[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1598373738095{border-radius: 3px !important;}”][vc_column width=”1/2″][vc_column_text]

Back The Badge

“Blessed are those who
maintain justice.”
– Psalm 106:3

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The “Broken Window Theory” Helps Answer “What’s Going Wrong Today?”

By Donald Shoemaker

During my first year in college the men’s dorm was a refurbished (sort of) wing of a spooky “turn of the century” (that’s 1900, not 2000) inn used in the old Bible Conference heyday of Winona Lake, Indiana. It had a high tower in the middle with lots of windows near the top (for ventilation in those days).

One winter day we were throwing snowballs at the tower. Sure enough, one snowball managed to break one of the high windows. Initial guilt didn’t last long. Soon we were having “hit a window” snowball contests. I thought of this experience when I first heard of the “Broken Window Theory.”

The “Broken Window Theory”, first brought to the public’s attention by political scientist James Q. Wilson and others in 1982, argued that when small deteriorations are permitted in a community, soon greater deterioration will occur. Overlooking small vices will encourage risk-takers to go to larger vices.

“Broken Windows” was the metaphor for the smaller deterioration—vandalism, public drinking, “fare-hopping,” disorderly conduct, petty thefts, criminal trespass, graffiti, letting trash accumulate, poor maintenance of property, and more.

A “don’t care” attitude toward minor violations leads to bigger crimes and more deterioration. “One unrepaired broken window is a signal that no one cares, and so breaking more windows costs nothing. Disorder increases levels of fear among citizens, which leads them to withdraw from the community and decrease participation in informal social control” – Psychology Today, n.d.

Eventually the “good guys” give up, shut up, close up and move on if they can.

Better policing is a key response to “broken windows” – not aggressive policing but assertive policing which is problem-focused, pro-active (better community relations, foot patrols, defusing adversarial situations, holding people accountable for minor offenses) plus a broader community response.

What’s happening today? In California, legitimate concern over high prison populations has led to unwise changes such as turning some felony charges into misdemeanors. Passing a bad check under $950 or shoplifting goods under $950 in value is now a misdemeanor, not a felony. A misdemeanor charge may lead to no prosecution at all. Don’t think thieves can’t calculate!

In Los Angeles County, the new district attorney, George Gascón has become a very controversial figure due to his “reforms” that many fear will lead to an increase in crime. One is a decision not to prosecute first-time offenders accused of an array of non-violent crimes *. Nothing wrong with having diversionary programs that keep youth out of the prison system. But accountability must be there and responsibility must be learned. A law without consequences is nothing more than good advice.

“It is naïve and dangerous for the press and responsible political leaders…to think that closing their eyes to lawlessness won’t break down broader respect for the rule of law itself.” – Daniel Henninger, The Wall Street Journal, January 28, 2021

* Crimes not to be prosecuted include trespassing, disturbing the peace, a minor in possession of alcohol, driving without a license, driving with a suspended license, making criminal threats, drug and paraphernalia possession, being under the influence of a controlled substance, public intoxication, loitering to commit prostitution and resisting arrest.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row][vc_column][vc_column_text]

Religious Liberty Vigilance –“Day of Prayer” – without God

“Can the liberties of a nation be thought secure when we have removed their only firm basis, a conviction in the minds of the people that these liberties are the gift of God?
– Thomas Jefferson, “Notes on the State of Virginia”

By law, the President of the United States must issue a proclamation each year designating the first Thursday of May the “National Day of Prayer.”

Every president has done so since 1953. But this year’s proclamation was different. For the first time ever, “God” was not mentioned. I have a hard time getting into a big tizzy over this, but I do have concerns.

First, a generic prayer that is essentially “To Whom It May Concern” is not a Christian prayer. So if that is how we are supposed to pray (and some governmental agencies have said so) I can’t get much more upset over a prayer exercise that goes a little farther by not mentioning deity at all.

Second, I won’t deny the therapeutic value of prayer as an exercise even absent mention of a deity. But this understanding of prayer is sub-Christian. Prayer is personal—to “Our Father in Heaven” who invites us to communicate with him.

Third, I recognize a meaningful place for references to deity throughout our nation’s history—references generally conforming to Judeo-Christian monotheism. This doesn’t make us a “Christian Nation” nor should we seek that identity. Jefferson was a monotheist but not a Christian believer (apparently).

The Long Beach City Council had opening prayers for decades and I offered prayer there several times. Then at some point city leaders specified that the prayer had to be non-sectarian (I think that policy is unconstitutional but that’s a different matter). No religion should allow prayer to be used as window-dressing—a nod to deity after which we do our own thing. Now this prayer is replaced by a benign, brief, bowed moment of silence—I call it a “navel exercise.”

Personally, during such moments I pray silently to “Our Father in Heaven” for blessing to our city and wisdom to its leaders.[/vc_column_text][/vc_column][/vc_row][vc_row css=”.vc_custom_1598373738095{border-radius: 3px !important;}”][vc_column][vc_column_text]

The president’s proclamation lauds prayer itself, not the One to whom it is offered. [See appendix for full text of the Proclamation]

Throughout our history, Americans of many religions and belief systems have turned to prayer for strength, hope, and guidance. Prayer has nourished countless souls and powered moral movements — including essential fights against racial injustice, child labor, and infringement on the rights of disabled Americans. Prayer is also a daily practice for many, whether it is to ask for help or strength, or to give thanks over blessings bestowed.

Prayer is essentially deified, idol-ized. We turn to prayer for “strength, hope, and guidance,” not to God who gives wisdom to those who ask him in prayer (James 1:5). Prayer, rather than God, “has nourished countless souls and powered moral movements.” It would have been so easy to say, “Prayer is also a daily practice…to ask GOD for help or strength…” But no. Prayer, not God, is “a healing balm.” There is no healing “Balm in Gilead [the love of Jesus] to make the wounded whole.”

The First Amendment to our Constitution protects the rights of free speech and religious liberty, including the right of all Americans to pray. These freedoms have helped us to create and sustain a Nation of remarkable religious vitality and diversity across the generations.

Yes, and the First Amendment protects our right to pray in public to “The God of Abraham, Isaac and Jacob” and to order our lives by the teachings we get from God. This has sustained “religious vitality and diversity” but it won’t continue if the “woke” win the day and cancel religious expressions that don’t fit the conformity they require.

So on this National Day of Prayer, I give thanks for our precious freedoms, including the religious liberty we must vigilantly protect. I give thanks to God for the gift of life and every abundance, and for his moral guidance. I pray for shared virtues and values to uphold our nation, but only if we uphold them.
– May 6, 2021

www.donaldshoemakerministries.com
Contact me at: donaldshoemakerministries@verizon.net

Don has been a member of the clergy in the Long Beach CA area since 1970. He serves currently as Pastor Emeritus of Grace Community Church of Seal Beach (where he was senior pastor 1984-2012) and as Senior Chaplain of the Seal Beach Police Department (2000+). He previously was a professor of Biblical Studies at Biola University and chaired the Social Concerns Committee in the Fellowship of Grace Brethren Churches from 1985 to 2019. His graduate work includes a master’s degree in theology from Fuller Theological Seminary with a concentration in Christian ethics. He and his wife Mary have been married for 55 years. They have two children and six grandchildren.

Appendix: 2021 Presidential Day of Prayer Proclamation

Throughout our history, Americans of many religions and belief systems have turned to prayer for strength, hope, and guidance. Prayer has nourished countless souls and powered moral movements — including essential fights against racial injustice, child labor, and infringement on the rights of disabled Americans. Prayer is also a daily practice for many, whether it is to ask for help or strength, or to give thanks over blessings bestowed.

The First Amendment to our Constitution protects the rights of free speech and religious liberty, including the right of all Americans to pray. These freedoms have helped us to create and sustain a Nation of remarkable religious vitality and diversity across the generations.

Today, we remember and celebrate the role that the healing balm of prayer can play in our lives and in the life of our Nation. As we continue to confront the crises and challenges of our time — from a deadly pandemic, to the loss of lives and livelihoods in its wake, to a reckoning on racial justice, to the existential threat of climate change — Americans of faith can call upon the power of prayer to provide hope and uplift us for the work ahead. As the late Congressman John Lewis once said, “Nothing can stop the power of a committed and determined people to make a difference in our society. Why? Because human beings are the most dynamic link to the divine on this planet.”

On this National Day of Prayer, we unite with purpose and resolve, and recommit ourselves to the core freedoms that helped define and guide our Nation from its earliest days. We celebrate our incredible good fortune that, as Americans, we can exercise our convictions freely — no matter our faith or beliefs. Let us find in our prayers, however they are delivered, the determination to overcome adversity, rise above our differences, and come together as one Nation to meet this moment in history.

The Congress, by Public Law 100-307, as amended, has called on the President to issue each year a proclamation designating the first Thursday in May as a “National Day of Prayer.”

NOW, THEREFORE, I, JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR., President of the United States of America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim May 6, 2021, as a National Day of Prayer. I invite the citizens of our Nation to give thanks, in accordance with their own faiths and consciences, for our many freedoms and blessings, and I join all people of faith in prayers for spiritual guidance, mercy, and protection.

IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this fifth day of May, in the year of our Lord two thousand twenty-one, and of the Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and forty-fifth.

JOSEPH R. BIDEN JR.

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